A bibliography is a list of all the literature you consulted for your paper or thesis plus all other sources, such as collections of sources and unpublished sources, if any. Have your bibliography reflect these different categories, preferably by subdividing it into different sections headed ‘Sources’, ‘Collections of Sources’ and ‘Literature’.

A bibliography includes the same information as the notes, but formatted slightly differently and with two important exceptions:

• Unlike notes, the bibliography lists the last name of the (first) author first, followed by a comma and the first name or initials. Additional authors are listed in the ‘normal’ order (first name or initials + last name).
• Unlike notes, a bibliography does not include page numbers unless referring to articles in journals or collections (see Sample Citations)

Arrange the authors’ names in your bibliography in alphabetical order. If you cannot find an author’s (or institution’s) name, use the first word in the title that is not a number or a definite or indefinite article (‘a’, ‘the’).

• Use hanging indents to make authors’ alphabetized last names easier to find.
• When including multiple works by the same author, only use their last name once. Use the 3-em dash (—) to replace authors or editors’ names who hold multiple, successive entries in your bibliography.

List collections of sources alphabetically wherever possible. Again, go by author’s name or, if none is available, the first word in the title (no numbers, ‘a’ or ‘the’).

Group your archival sources by archive and lists those archives in alphabetical order. If you are using sources from a limited number of archival collections, you could also list the sources chronologically.

Start your bibliography with a brief overview of abbreviations of periodicals, archives and newspapers.