History Research Guide

Primary Sources and Audiovisual Materials

For Ancient History primary sources use this separate  webpage with instructions.

Original author identified:

Louis Napoleon, Gedenkschriften [Memoirs], ed. Wim Zaal (Amsterdam: Singel, 1983), 190.

No original author (bibliographic entry):

Bronnen tot de geschiedenis der Leidsche Universiteit VII [Sources on the History of Leiden University, Vol. 7]. Edited by P.C. Molhuysen. Rijks Geschiedkundige Publicatiën. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976.

Collection of sources as part of a series (bibliographic entry):

Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen, 1945-1950 V, July 16-Oct. 28 1946 [Official Documents Concerning Dutch-Indonesian Relations, 1945-1950]. Edited by S.L. van der Wal. Rijks Geschiedkundige Publicatiën, Kleine serie 41. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1975.

Report (note):

Johan Gijsbert Karel Verstolk van Soelen, “Rapport over de buitenlandse staatkunde der Nederlanden” [Report on Dutch Foreign Relations], (Jan. 23, 1829), in Gedenkstukken der algemeene geschiedenis van Nederland van 1795 tot 1840, negende deel, tweede stuk, ed. H.T. Colenbrander, RGP (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1917), 458.

Letter (note):

Letter from Wellington to King William I, December 30, 1815, in Supplementary Despatches and Memoranda of Field Marshall Arthur Duke of Wellington, ed. A.R. Wellesley, Second Duke of Wellington (London: John Murray, 1872), 624-625.

Pamphlet (bibliographical entry):

Rote Armee Fraktion. “Das Konzept Stadtguerilla” [The Concept of the Urban Guerilla]. In Rote Armee Fraktion, Texte und Materialien zur Geschichte der RAF. Ed. ID-Verlag (Berlin: ID-Verlag, 1997), 27-48.

Note: Referencing historical documents can be complicated, even when they have been incorporated in a collection of sources. The most important rule is to be consistent and to make sure that readers can trace the materials you are referencing.

Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (not yet stored in the Nationaal Archief [Dutch National Archives]:

Archief ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (hereafter: ABZ), 1965-1974, 2129, Memorandum dated Jan. 2, 1973, Directie Europa/Midden-Europa (hereafter: DEU/ME).

Nationaal Archief (NA, [Dutch National Archives], formerly Algemeen Rijksarchief (ARA) [Dutch General State Archives]:

Nationaal Archief, The Hague, (hereafter: NL-HaNA), 2.05.242, Dutch embassy in Romania (Bucharest), 1955-1974, catalog number 86, letter dated Sept. 12, 1961, from Ambassador J.H. Zeeman, Budapest, to Minister of Foreign Affairs Joseph Luns in The Hague.

Private archival institution:

Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung, Sammlung Ulrike Meinhof (hereafter HIS, Me, U), 015, 005, letter dated Dec. 9, 1976 from Wolfgang Wiedenmann, student pastor of the Evangelische Studentengemeinde Hamburg, to Rechtsanwalt Klaus Croissant in Stuttgart.

Private archives:

Archives of the Stichting Pariteit (housed at Ben Buskes, Utrecht, hereafter: Pariteit Archives), File 11A Media IV, draft version of Pieter de Lange’s interview with Ben Buskes, Spring of 1989.

Note: Archives often have their own clear instructions on referencing. Follow these wherever possible in the context of your research paper or thesis.

Sound recordings (vinyl, CD or other audio carriers) (note):

Mort Subite, “Ich liebe Ulrike” (1980), I’m Sure We’re Gonna Make It: Dutch Punkrock ’77-’82, compilation, 6486-2, Epitaph, n.d., Audio CD.

Film or TV recording (DVD, VHS, or other visual carriers) (bibliographical entry):

Paradise Now. DVD. Directed by Hany Abu-Assad. Volkskrant Filmfestival series. Amsterdam: A-film, 2006. DS91781.

Note:

  • References tend to be to an excerpt of a concert, film or other audiovisual recording. Locate the excerpt as accurately as possible, for instance by including the time codes (2’30” – 4’15”) or a chapter number (e.g., Ch. 2).
  • When referencing an online recording, take care to include the URL and all other information necessary to locate the recording, as well as the access date.